Volume 8 Issue 1 2026

Many Researchers have shown that neither mineral fertilizers nor organic manures are a panacea for soil fertility management in Nigeria. This has led to the innovation of organomineral fertilizer which combines the attribute of both mineral and organic fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to compare the effect of industrial manufactured organic (OG) fertilizer and organomineral fertilizer (OMF) at the rate of 0, 2.5 and 10t/ha; and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (NPK) at the rate of 300kg/ha on soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, growth and yield of maize in Ondo, Southwestern Nigeria. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete Block Design with four replications and with plots size of 5m×5m. Compared with control, OG, OMF and NPK fertilizers significantly (P <0.05) increased plant N,P, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn Also compared with control, Organic fertilizer (OM), Organomineral fertilizer (OMF) and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer at all rates significantly increased (P <0.05) maize plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, Stover yield, root dry matter and grain yield. The percent increases in cumulative grain yield were 5t/ha OMF (68.31), 2.5t/ha OMF (60.21), 10t/ha OMF (38.72), 10t/ha OG (49.65) 300kg/ha NPK (12.13), 5t/ha OG (9.51), 2.5t/ha OG (5.63) compared with control. Organic and organomineral fertilizers at low level of application could be used to increase plant nutrients as well as maize production in south western Nigeria.

Diabetes Mellitus has been known to be associated with lipid disorders and cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of n-hexane and methanol leaf fractions of Nauclea latifolia in diabetic rats. The induced diabetic rats were administered 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg body weight respectively of the two fractions of Nauclea latifolia or 5mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide for fourteen days. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured and the lipid profile was analyzed. There were significant reductions (p<0.05) in the fasting blood glucose levels in all the groups treated with the leaf fractions when compared with the diabetic control. There were also significant (p<0.05) decreases on the lipid profile as shown in the level of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results of this study show that leaf fractions of Nauclea latifolia possessed antidiabetic properties with the methanol fraction exerting a more potent effect.

The study was performed to compare the bioavailability of two Clopidogrel 75 mg tablet formulation (Plofixine from Asia- Syria as test formulation and Plavix from Sanofi-aventis-France, as reference formulation) in 6 male healthy volunteers. The study was conducted open with randomized two period crossover design and one week wash out period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 3hour interval. The carboxylic acid of Clopidogrel, major metabolite of Clopidogrel, was analyzed by LC-MS-MS, in the presence of clopidogrel-D4-carboxylic acid as internal standard. With plasma concentration vs. time curves, data obtained from this metabolite, the following pharmacokinetics parameters were obtained: Cmax, AUC0-t and Tmax.The mean AUC0-t and Cmax following oral administration of Plofexine and Plavix tablet, were 6119.84 , 5585.81 for AUC0-t and 4185.67, 3913.17ng/ml for Cmax respectively. The average time required to attain maximum plasma concentration ( Tmax) was 1.1and 0.997 hours for Plofexine and Plavix respectively, indicating that, the mean values were found to be similar for both the reference and test product and the value was 1.0 h. The 90% confidence intervals were 95-125% for AUC0-t, and 85-133% for Cmax. According to the 90% confidence intervals for the AUC0-t and Cmax proposed by US Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that Plofexine 75 mg tablet was bioequivalent to Plavix 75 mg tablet for the extent of absorption, and not bioequivalent for the rate of absorption. According to some regional regulation such as GCC regulations on Drug Bioequivalence, the two products could be considered bioequivalent in the rate and extent of absorption too. The method of analysis which used was simple and suitable to evaluate the bioequivalence and clinical pharmacokinetic of clopidogrel.

Thermodynamic or conductance studies are one of the most important tools to study the solute-solvent interactions and the effects of solute on the structure of solvent. The best understanding of these effects can be attained from the knowledge of transport number, dissociation constants, limiting equivalent conductance, degree of association or dissociation, Walden products and activity coefficients of the electrolyte solutions. Density, viscosity were measured for Ammonium Magnesium Sulphate in 50 % DMSO-water medium at temperature 308.15 and 313.15 K. The densities (ρ) of the solvent and solutions were measured by using a bicapillary pycnometer having a bulb capacity of 10 ml at various temperatures. The viscosities of the solution were evaluated by measuring flow time of solution using an Ubbelohde suspended-level viscometer, calibrated with double distilled demineralised water.[1] Molar volume and apparent molar volume (ϕoV) have been calculated from density measurement and their concentration dependence are discussed. The related thermodynamic parameters such as apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, Jones dole A and B coefficient of Ammonium Magnesium Sulphate in 50 % DMSO have been applied as a way to study different interactions. By using density and viscosity data structural interactions like solute-solute, solute-solvent have received vital importance in physical chemistry. The apparent and partial molar volume provides usefull information about various types of interactions occurring in solution. These studies are of great help in characterizing the structure and properties of solution Knowledge of ion-solvent interactions in aqueous and non aqueous media is considerable fundamental and technological importance.[2] The parameters obtained by Masson equation and Jones-Dole equation are limiting apparent molar volume (ϕoV) and their associated constant (Sv), viscosity A and B coefficient of Jones – Dole equation. The results show strong solute-solvent interactions at higher temperature 313.15 k.

Tourism plays a central role in Thailand’s economic and cultural development, with Chinese tourists representing the country’s largest and most dynamic inbound market. As travel preferences shift from group-based package tours toward digitally informed free independent travelers (FITs), tourism destinations must increasingly rely on strategic branding to attract, engage, and retain visitors. This study investigates the causal relationships among destination marketing, community collaboration, brand value, brand image, and tourist satisfaction among Chinese visitors to Bangkok. Using a mixed-method explanatory design, qualitative interviews were first conducted with tourism experts and Chinese tour operators to refine variables and inform instrument development. Quantitative data were subsequently collected from 402 Chinese tourists through online and fielddistributed questionnaires administered at high-traffic tourist locations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test hypothesized relationships. The findings indicate that both destination marketing and community collaboration significantly influence brand value and brand image, with community collaboration demonstrating stronger predictive power. Brand value and brand image, in turn, were found to strongly and positively affect tourist satisfaction, with brand image exerting a slightly greater influence. These results affirm that branding success cannot be achieved solely through promotional campaigns; it requires alignment between marketing narratives, community participation, and authentic experience delivery. The study contributes a validated causal model that can be used by destination management organizations, tourism operators, and policymakers to enhance strategic branding, improve experience delivery, and strengthen repeat visitation potential among independent Chinese travelers. Recommendations include prioritizing digital marketing channels, empowering local cultural stakeholders, and implementing service quality standards that reinforce branding promises. The study concludes that satisfaction is both an outcome of branding processes and a mechanism for sustaining Thailand’s tourism competitiveness through positive word-of-mouth and repeat visitation.

In the few recent years Augmented Reality has become really popular. It is getting attention as an effective way to visualize digital models directly within real-world environments. In architectural education for students who aspire to become architects the students often have a hard time visualizing the complex architectures. The architecture students struggle to understand the architectural components. The traditional teaching method relies heavily only on 2D drawings or static views on screens. This study is about a mobile application that uses augmented reality to help better understand architecture students the complex structural component such as arches. The mobile application is created using Unity to visualize architectural arch models to be visualize as 3D models on mobile devices. Students can explore and learn through the augmented experience by using the application in a more engaging and immersive way. Viewing arch structures at real-world scale helps learners understand how these arch forms function and relate to physical space. The research is about understanding ideas and concepts of system within the context of current AR studies in architecture. The research is about how well the mobile application helps visualize the design and its implementation in the education system. This study shows that the augmented reality based visualization is beneficial, for the students because it helps them to relate abstract architectural concepts to physical space, making learning more intuitive and engaging.

The increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns have accelerated the global transition toward renewable energy sources. Among these, solar energy has gained widespread acceptance due to its cleanliness, abundance, and sustainability. At the same time, additive manufacturing, often call ed 3D printing,has become a big change in many areas of engineering and manufacturing. This review paper examines the role of 3D printing technology in the fabrication of solar panel components and explores the concept of operating 3D printing machines using solar energy. Additive manufacturing enables accurate and flexible production of solar panel frames, mounting structures, and functional components using materials such as polymers, composites, and conductive substances. Compared to conventional manufacturing techniques, 3D printing offers advantages including reduced material waste, lightweight design, customization, and lower production costs. Furthermore, it supports rapid prototyping and experimentation for advanced solar panel configurations, such as portable and flexible systems. The paper also presents the development concept of a solar-powered 3D printing machine, where photovoltaic panels generate electrical energy that is stored in batteries and supplied to the printer through appropriate power regulation systems. This approach significantly reduces reliance on grid electricity and carbon emissions. The integration of renewable energy with additive manufacturing demonstrates strong potential for sustainable, cost-effective production, particularly in rural, remote, and energy-scarce regions of India.

This Study Presents A Comprehensive Evaluation Of An Advanced Chaotic Substitution Box (S-Box) Encryption System Enhanced With Multiple Chaotic Maps (Lorenz, Henon, Ikeda, Logistic, Tent, And Sine) For Securing Diverse Data Types. In Response To The Growing Need For Versatile Cryptographic Solutions Capable Of Protecting Heterogeneous Data Formats, We Developed And Tested A Unified Encryption Framework Adaptable To Image, Text, And Video Protection. Through Systematic Testing Across Six Standard Datasets Per Domain, The Research Demonstrates The System's Exceptional Versatility, Achieving Superior Security Metrics Including Avalanche Effects Exceeding 49.5% (Peaking At 52.8% For 4K Video), Near-Optimal Bit Entropy (7.86-7.98/8.0), And Minimal Temporal Correlation (0.002-0.005) For Video Encryption. Performance Analysis Reveals Efficient Throughput (10+ MB/S For Text, 285 MB/S For 1080p Video) With Minimal Storage Overhead (1-3% For Video) And Real-Time Capability Up To 1080p Resolution. The Study Establishes Clear Guidelines For Chaotic Map Selection: Henon And Lorenz Maps For Maximum Security Applications, Ikeda For Real-Time Processing, And Logistic/Tent Maps For ResourceConstrained Environments. Results Validate That Properly Integrated Chaotic Systems Provide Enterprise-Grade Security While Maintaining Practical Performance Across Heterogeneous Data Formats, Offering A Unified Cryptographic Framework Adaptable To Modern Digital Protection Requirements.

The paper describes the design and development of ASDA, a comprehensive analysis framework for Android applications, which employs code analysis techniques, machine learning, and performance analysis at run time to offer end-to-end results on code quality and maintainability. The maintainability debts of applications are analyzed at design time by extracting metrics from Java code using the CK metrics tool to build machine learning models for predicting the Maintainability Debt Index (MDI) for classes. Four regression analysis techniques, namely Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Extra Trees, and Voting Ensemble, are used to identify the best-suited regression model for maintainability prediction, which is Random Forest (RMSE = 0.082, R² = 0.764). The results of dynamic analysis techniques are obtained from Perfetto traces and used to measure CPU, context switches, method performance times, and estimated energy consumption. The performance results are incorporated into the design of the maintainability and sustainability debt metrics framework for run-time analysis of applications, which include aspects of execution, energy, responsiveness, and concurrency. The results clearly show direct correlations between the predicted and actual energy consumption of applications (R² = 0.93), thereby confirming the effectiveness of the framework. The combination of design-time and run-time analyses helps to identify classes for which maintainability and resource intensity are desirable goals and enables prioritizing of changes to Android applications. The results of the design and development of ASDA clearly illustrate its utility in Android applications as a comprehensive analysis framework that reduces maintainability and sustainability debt and reduces energy consumption in applications through tool-driven changes by up to 89.2% in maintainability and 90.3% in energy consumption in applications for redeveloping them as environmentally sound and resource-efficient applications. The design and development of ASDA clearly illustrate its utility as a comprehensive framework for Android applications at design time that provides end-to-end results on maintainability and resource efficiency of applications for developing resource-efficient and environmentally sound applications. The design and development of ASDA clearly illustrate its utility as a comprehensive framework at design time that provides end-to-end results on maintainability and resource efficiency of applications for developing resource-efficient and environmentally sound applications. KEYWORDS