Volume 8 Issue 3 2026

Tourism has emerged as a major global industry today. It is a sizable but complex service industry. In the last 50-55 years, tourism has seen rapid and continuous growth. Tourism is a key sector earning foreign exchange for Indian economy. It is working as a harbinger of 'more inclusive growth' in India by promoting other industries inside the economy through backward and forward linkages and generating employment in various sectors such as hospitality, travel, and entertainment. The significance of tourism has been recognized in both developed and developing countries. This sector has emerged as Travel Tourism and Hospitality Industry contributing considerably towards India’s GDP and expected to increase from 234.03 US billion$ in 2017 to 492.21 US billion $ in 2028. India offers geographical diversity, attractive tourist destinations, 37 world Heritage sites, 29 Cultural sites and 25 biogeographic zones. It has emerged with diverse portfolio of niche tourism products like cruise, adventure, medical, and wellness, sports, eco-tourism, film, rural and religious tourism. This sector directly supported 5% of the total employment and expected to touch the figure of 8.4 % of total employment by 2028. Although tourism sector has emerged as growth engine and is having vast potential for generating employment and earning huge amounts of foreign exchange besides giving a fillip to the country’s economic and social development. But much more needs to be done to make India as world player in this sector. Although this sector has adopted aggressive marketing strategies and launched number of creative and attractive tourism products but still it needs to be strengthened by focusing on positive growth in terms of Foreign tourist arrivals, Foreign exchange earnings and foreign as well as domestic investments. Present paper is an attempt to focus on the emerging trends of this sector in India with and to evaluate the trends of foreign direct investments, domestic investments foreign exchange earnings , foreign tourist arrival with its comparative outlook

The increasing competition among private universities has intensified the need to understand factors that influence student satisfaction and loyalty. In higher education institutions, students are often regarded as customers who evaluate the quality of educational services and decide whether to maintain a long-term relationship with the institution. Therefore, identifying key determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty is essential for improving institutional competitiveness and sustainability. This study aims to examine the relationships among service quality, perceived value, trust, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in the context of private universities. This research employs a quantitative research approach using a survey method. Data were collected from students enrolled in private universities through structured questionnaires. The measurement items were developed based on established theories and previous studies related to service marketing and customer relationship management. The collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine both direct and indirect relationships among the variables in the proposed conceptual framework. The findings indicate that service quality, perceived value, and trust significantly influence customer satisfaction. In addition, service quality, perceived value, and trust also have direct effects on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction is found to be a significant determinant of customer loyalty, indicating that satisfied students are more likely to remain loyal to their universities and recommend the institution to others. These results highlight the important role of maintaining high service standards, delivering strong perceived value, and building trust in order to enhance student satisfaction and loyalty. The study contributes to the literature on service marketing in higher education by providing empirical evidence of the relationships among key service-related factors and student loyalty. The findings offer practical implications for university administrators and policymakers in improving service quality and strengthening long-term relationships with students. Future research may expand the model by incorporating additional variables and exploring different educational contexts.

Today, television is playing a pivotal role in the socialization of people. It has become a major source for entertainment and to provide knowledge. The programs and shows broadcasted on television influence people in undesirable ways. People tends to spend a lot of time watching television irrespective of any age groups. The study was conducted to know the choice of viewers with respect to television channels and programs people tends to watch more in tier-2 city. The study was conducted among the people of Davangere city to identify the reasons, preference and frequency of time spent in watching the selected programs and shows. A sample of 200 respondents were taken for the analysis. Chi-square test, Garret Ranking and Frequency Analysis were used to know the choice of viewers. The study also highlighted the parameters the viewers choose for watch the particular shows and programs by using the AIDA model.

Salinity is considered a global threat to agriculture and causes a significant reduction in crop yield. Major threats to global food security are abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, and hypoxia. Comprehending plant responses' molecular mechanisms to these stresses is essential for stress-tolerant crops. This article provides a comprehensive overview of plant abiotic stress responses, focusing on stress signal perception and transduction, gene expression regulation, and cellular and physiological adaptation mechanisms. It emphasizes advancements in identifying key factors for stress tolerance and in omics technologies facilitating these. The article also discusses applying this knowledge to develop stress-tolerant crops via genetic engineering and other means. However, it acknowledges challenges in translating molecular knowledge into practical breeding outcomes, such as stress tolerance trait complexity, genotype-by-environment interactions, and trade-offs with other agronomic traits. The article emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach integrating molecular biology, genomics, biotechnology, and traditional breeding to address these challenges. It also highlights the importance of exploring and using genetic diversity in wild relatives and landrace collections and the potential of emerging technologies like systems biology and AI in speeding up stress-tolerant crop development.The review concludes by calling for continued investment in R&D, capacity building, and collaboration among researchers, breeders, policymakers, and stakeholders to ensure a food-secure future faced with global climate change.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the rights given to an individual or company that provide rights over the use of the IP for a period of time. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in biotechnology play a crucial role in fostering innovation, protecting investments, and ensuring ethical use of genetic resources. The current Intellectual Property Rights framework supports the commercialization of seed improvement, monoculture, and the patent protection of novel plant varieties, microorganisms, and genetically modified animals. As a consequence, our rich biogenetic diversity is irreversibly dissipating. However, we need to figure out how to create a methodology for elective choices that will achieve harmony between the official Intellectual Property (IP) structure and maintainable biodiversity components. The majority of the biotechnology sector's programmes in India are managed by the Department of Biotechnology. It is under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Its goals are to provide services in the fields of study, infrastructure, human resource development, biotechnology popularization, industry promotion, and establishment of centres of excellence. Implementation of practice biosafety regulations for genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA products, and programmes is based on biotechnology for the good of society. This creates an information network for India's bioinformatics mission in the local, national, and worldwide scientific community.

Generally, abiotic stresses have adverse impacts on plant growth and development, which affects agricultural productivity, causing food security problems, and resulting in economic losses. To reduce the negative effects of environmental stress on crop plants, novel technologies, such as nanotechnology, have emerged. Implementing nanotechnology in modern agriculture can also help improve the efficiency of water usage, prevent plant diseases, ensure food security, reduce environmental pollution, and enhance sustainability in agriculture. In this regard, nanoparticles can help combat nutrient deficiencies, promote stress tolerance, and improve the yield and quality of crops. Nanoparticles eliminate nutrient deficiencies in plants, increase the tolerance of plants to stress conditions by enabling the enzyme activities and the adhesion of bacteria that promote plant growth to the roots under abiotic stress conditions. In this review, the role of nanoparticles in ameliorating adverse effects on plants exposed to abiotic stress conditions will be emphasized. NPs exhibit alleviating effects against drought stress via induction of physiological and biochemical readjustments accompanied by modulation of gene expression involved in drought response/tolerance. NPs ameliorate drought-induced reduction in carbon assimilation via increasing the photosynthetic activity. The improved root growth, upregulation of aquaporins, modification of intracellular water metabolism, accumulation of compatible solutes, and ion homeostasis are the major mechanisms used by NPs to mitigate the osmotic stress caused by water deficit. NPs reduce water loss from leaves through stomatal closure due to fostered abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and ameliorate oxidative stress damage by reducing reactive oxygen species and activating the antioxidant defense system.

Against the backdrop of the national strategy of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, college English teaching is in urgent need of realizing the coordinated development of language teaching and value shaping. Based on the red cultural resources in Northern Anhui and taking the winning spirit of the Huai-Hai Campaign as the starting point, this paper explores the paths and mechanisms of integrating the education of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into college English teaching. The study finds that the students' language competence, cultural critical thinking and sense of value identity can be effectively improved through the three-dimensional reconstruction of teaching objectives, the localized optimization of textbook content, the cross-cultural innovation of teaching methods and the school-local co-construction of practice platforms. Taking the curriculum reform of A Survey of American Literature and Selected Readings as an example, a trinity teaching model of "language skills-cultural criticism-sense of community" has been constructed, which realizes the in-depth integration of red culture and English courses and promotes the regionalization and effectiveness of ideological and political education in courses. This research provides a reference practical paradigm for the ideological and political education in English courses of colleges and universities in non-ethnic minority inhabited areas, and also offers innovative ideas for improving the quality of ideological and political education in colleges and universities.

This abstract explores the innovative landscape of video-surveillance-and-tracking systems employing facial recognition technology, delving into their background, social benefits, and implications. These systems represent a pivotal advancement in security and data analysis, leveraging artificial intelligence and computer vision to redefine surveillance capabilities. The background of innovation stems from the pressing need for enhanced security measures in various sectors, including public safety and transportation. By addressing limitations in traditional surveillance methods, facial recognition- enabled systems offer real-time identification and tracking of individuals with unprecedented accuracy. Furthermore, these systems align with societal demands for improved safety protocols, aiding in deterring criminal activities and optimizing resource allocation for security personnel. However, their deployment also raises ethical and privacy concerns, necessitating robust safeguards and transparent governance frameworks. Ultimately, video surveillance and tracking systems using facial recognition technology hold the potential to enhance public safety while navigating complex ethical considerations. The proposed system offers a powerful solution for live location tracking and access management through the integration of CCTV cameras, facial recognition, Python-based computer vision, and machine learning techniques. By addressing the limitations of traditional methods and leveraging advanced technologies, this project contributes to enhancing security, efficiency, and convenience in premises management.

The agricultural sector is undergoing a transformative phase driven by the increasing integration of advanced digital technologies. Digital twin technology has emerged as a cutting-edge innovation capable of revolutionizing precision farming practices by enabling real-time farm simulation and dynamic decision support. Smart farming has introduced agricultural systems that are increasingly autonomous and highly interconnected. A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical farm system that continuously updates through data streams derived from sensors, machinery, and environmental inputs. This technology facilitates advanced modeling, predictive analytics, and real time optimization of agricultural operations. Digital twin modeling is essential for accurately representing the physical entity, and it provides functional services and meets the requirements of modern farms. This study provides a detailed analysis of the key aspects of ADTs, providing deeper insights into the potential application areas in agriculture, and discusses major implementation challenges. This study explores applications of ADT in controlled environment agriculture, soil and irrigation management, crop monitoring and cultivation support, post-harvest activities, livestock monitoring and management, and agricultural machinery. It provides intelligent, adaptive, and dynamic facility management and farming decision-making suggestions. The contribution of the project is to develop an ecosystem of digital twins that collectively capture the behavior of a greenhouse facility.

This research focuses on the notion of e-governance and addresses the critical role of the "Hukumati" (My Government) platform in the process of promoting better public service delivery in Palestine. It also explains the role of the platform in the fortification of e-governance in the public sector institutions. The main research problem is formulated by the general question: What is the impact of e-Government implementation on the provision of higher quality services in the public sector? Sub-questions include (1) the conceptual underpinnings of e-governance and its implications in the service delivery, (2) the operational role of the Hukumati platform in improving the performance of services, and (3) the predominant challenges that have hindered the diffusion and effectiveness of the Hukumati platform. Methodologically, the work follows a descriptive - analytical approach and is based on a combination of relevant literature, selected international reports, and semi-structured interviews as the main research information tool. The results show that platform participation remains low across the governorates, with registrants representing an extremely small percentage of the population. Furthermore, there is a consensus among relevant stakeholders regarding persistent operational, technical, and institutional challenges as the main constraints hindering the success and scalability of the platform. In view of the results of such studies, the study makes several recommendations that include alignment of the legal and regulatory framework with the imperatives of digital transformation, continuous improvement of digital infrastructure to keep pace with technological developments, and implementation of structured training programs for government employees to reinforce the awareness of citizens and facilitate the adoption of the platforms.

ELMAS's Theory of Thermodynamics is a scientific approach that argues that energy and matter should be considered not only as scalar but also as vector quantities. This theory, put forward by Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS, aims to expand the scope of traditional thermodynamics and provide a foundation for the 5th Law of Thermodynamics. The ELMAS’s Theory of Thermodynamics, which serves as a foundational scientific framework for the 5th Law of Thermodynamics [1], offers profound insights into understanding medical treatments involving various medications or drugs. This theory explains how these treatments influence energy and matter within cellular structures, resulting in positive, negative, or neutral changes depending on the nature and dynamics of the interactions. According to the ELMAS Thermodynamic Theory, effective medical interventions must carefully regulate these thermodynamic processes to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. Energy and matter function as dynamic parameters—similar to forces or velocities—that propel cellular bioprocesses during treatment. Through these interactions, the system seeks equilibrium, with total energy and total mass across cellular boundaries balancing themselves. In essence, the combined effects of positive, negative, or neutral shifts in energy drive one equilibrium state, while similar variations in matter establish another interconnected balance across cellular systems within the human body. This equilibrium highlights the delicate interplay between energy and matter pivotal to therapeutic success. [1] In this article, this theory offers a balanced statement consistent with the traditional scalar-based Law of Conservation of Energy and Mass, but introduces a new perspective by defining them as vector parameters (such as force, velocity, and acceleration). The interaction of drugs with body cells is modeled as vectorial energy and mass transfer according to this theory. The treatment process is explained by controlling these interactions in positive, negative, or neutral directions. For neuroengineering; the theory forms the basis of new medical methods such as "Applied Medi-Brain Energy-Tronic" used in the treatment of neurological diseases such as SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy), ALS, and Alzheimer's. Regarding the resonance and frequency into consideration as the main parameters; it is argued that the thermodynamic interaction between body cells behaves like a force or velocity component, and that these interactions need to be regulated for treatment. Unlike Einstein's Energy formula, Dr. Elmas argues that in biological and mechanical systems, energy exhibits a direct equivalent balance with mass: This equation states that the total energy transfer in the system must be vectorially equal to the total mass change. The mathematical foundation of ELMAS's Theory of Thermodynamics is based on an "EnergyMass-Velocity" triangle that combines traditional thermodynamics with vector mechanics. This holistic perspective regards biological systems as open thermodynamic entities, extending the scope of understanding beyond classical medicine. Researchers like Dr. Emin Taner Elmas underscore this viewpoint by conceptualizing neurodegeneration as a "disruption of energy and information flow." 1. Thermodynamic Modeling of Neurodegeneration From a physical standpoint, the brain functions as a dissipative system, continuously consuming energy while generating heat and entropy. - **Entropic Degradation**: In conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS, protein misfolding exacerbates intrinsic entropy within the system. This thermodynamic instability represents increased molecular disorder and reduced available energy (exergy), undermining cellular function. - **Negative Entropy and Life**: As proposed by Schrödinger, life persists by absorbing "negative entropy"—an influx of order—from external sources. During neurodegeneration, the brain loses its metabolic ability to sustain negative entropy, initiating a chaotic march toward thermal equilibrium, ultimately leading to cell death. - **Thermal Gradients**: The disruption of micro-thermodynamic processes within neurons adversely affects ion channel activity and neurotransmitter transmission, impairing neural communication on a physical level. 2. Acoustic Frequencies and the Ney (Nây-ı Şerîf, Instrument of Ney. (Ney: Turkish Reed Flute, Nay): A Physiological Regulator Music transcends aesthetic appeal, operating as mechanical energy waves that alter environmental pressure and density. - **Resonance and Harmonic Order**: The Ney flute, with its abundant natural harmonics (overtones), interacts with brain waves—particularly Theta and Alpha waves that foster deep relaxation—via resonance principles. These harmonics can influence the brain's neurophysiological state, promoting equilibrium. - **Stochastic Resonance**: Therapeutic sound waves can amplify weak signals in disordered neuronal systems, reducing "noise" levels in neural networks and enhancing signal transmission. This process lowers entropy while restoring order in cellular communication. - **Frequency-Matter Interaction**: Specific sound frequencies have the potential to affect vibrational modes in cellular structures like microtubules and proteins. It is hypothesized that low-frequency, stable vibrations could disrupt protein aggregations (plaques) or mechanically stimulate waste removal processes (such as through the lymphatic system), thereby promoting neurophysiological balance. [1-54]