Volume 8 Issue 4 2026

This review systematically examines recent advancements in AI-driven irrigation systems and their role in achieving sustainable water management under climate-resilient agricultural practices. By integrating machine learning algorithms, computer vision, and IoT-based sensors, these autonomous systems enable real-time soil–plant monitoring, adaptive water scheduling, and resource optimization across diverse agro-climatic contexts. Drawing upon a broad range of peer-reviewed experimental and modeling studies published between 2018 and 2025, the review highlights measurable improvements in water-use efficiency, energy savings, and crop productivity. Meta-analytical synthesis using random-effects models was employed to quantify water savings (30–50 %) and yield improvements (20–30 %), while subgroup analyses compared algorithmic performance (e. g., Random Forest, SVM, CNN) and irrigation methods. Moreover, the study discusses economic feasibility, system interoperability, sensor calibration protocols, and ethical considerations related to data governance. Findings reveal that AI-enabled irrigation offers scalable and cost-effective solutions for climate adaptation, especially in drought-prone and infrastructure-limited regions. Future research opportunities include standardization frameworks, cross-platform compatibility, and expanding validation across diverse crop types and regional settings. Eventually, this paper is keen on offering comprehensive background information about sensor-based irrigation systems and their undeniable ability to upgrade agricultural water management, preserve water resources, and be incorporated in food security issues for the sake of changing climate change.

The conservation of biodiversity within fruit crops is essential for sustaining both ecological and agricultural systems. Fruit crops, as integral components of nature's orchard, play a pivotal role in global food security and ecosystem health. India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity centers with 2 biodiversity hotspots, which are the reservoirs of plant genetic resources. India stands at 7th place in the global agricultural biodiversity status. Among fruit and nut crops, there are about 117 cultivated species with 175 wild relatives of which only 25 species have been domesticated. Genetic resources conservation of fruit trees is intricate and complex, as they belong to various genera and species which require specific climate. Hence, in situ and ex situ conservation can go simultaneously. The western ghat and North eastern India are centres of diversity for several important native fruits including Mango, Jackfruit and Citrus. Apart from the major fruit crops, India is home to several underutilized fruit crops. However, due to increased pressure on land use, several of the wild types, which are a great source of genes governing useful traits, are disappearing. Thus, there is an urgent need to conserve them in both in situ and ex situ conditions. The genetic diversity and modes of conservation of tropical fruits are discussed in this paper.